Aquifer characterization refers to the process of studying and understanding the physical and geological properties of aquifers, which are underground water-bearing layers of rock or sediment that store and transmit groundwater. This area of research involves identifying the location, extent, thickness, and permeability of aquifers, as well as determining the water quality, recharge rates, and storage capacity of these underground reservoirs. By characterizing aquifers, researchers can better manage and protect groundwater resources for various uses such as drinking water supply, agriculture, and industry. Techniques used for aquifer characterization include geophysical surveys, borehole logging, pumping tests, and groundwater modeling.